The Reionization History and Early Metal Enrichment inferred from the Gamma-Ray Burst Rate

Based on the gamma-ray burst (GRB) event rate at redshifts of $4 \leq z \leq 12$, which is assessed by the spectral peak energy-to-luminosity relation recently found by Yonetoku et al., we observationally derive the star formation rate (SFR) for Pop III stars in a high redshift universe. As a result, we find that Pop III stars could form continuously at $4 \leq z \leq 12$. Using the derived Pop III SFR, we attempt to estimate the ultraviolet (UV) photon emission rate at $7 \leq z \leq 12$ in which redshift range no observational information has been hitherto obtained on ionizing radiation intensity. We find that the UV emissivity at $7 \leq z \leq 12$ can make a noticeable contribution to the early reionization. The maximal emissivity is higher than the level required to keep ionizing the intergalactic matter at $7 \leq z \leq 12$. However, if the escape fraction of ionizing photons from Pop III objects is smaller than 10%, then the IGM can be neutralized at some redshift, which may lead to the double reionization. As for the enrichment, the ejection of all metals synthesized in Pop III objects is marginally consistent with the IGM metallicity, although the confinement of metals in Pop III objects can reduce the enrichment significantly.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figures, ApJL accepte

Well-localized edge states in two-dimensional topological insulators: ultrathin Bi films

We theoretically study the generic behavior of the penetration depth of the edge states in two-dimensional quantum spin Hall systems. We found that the momentum-space width of the edge-state dispersion scales with the inverse of the penetration depth. As an example of well-localized edge states, we take the Bi(111) ultrathin film. Its edge states are found to extend almost over the whole Brillouin zone. Correspondingly, the bismuth (111) 1-bilayer system is proposed to have well-localized edge states in contrast to the HgTe quantum well.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Decoherence in Phase Space

Much of the discussion of decoherence has been in terms of a particle moving in one dimension that is placed in an initial superposition state (a Schr\"{o}dinger "cat" state) corresponding to two widely separated wave packets. Decoherence refers to the destruction of the interference term in the quantum probability function. Here, we stress that a quantitative measure of decoherence depends not only on the specific system being studied but also on whether one is considering coordinate, momentum or phase space. We show that this is best illustrated by considering Wigner phase space where the measure is again different. Analytic results for the time development of the Wigner distribution function for a two-Gaussian Schrodinger "cat" state have been obtained in the high-temperature limit (where decoherence can occur even for negligible dissipation) which facilitates a simple demonstration of our remarks.Comment: in press in Laser Phys.13(2003

Spin Hall effects in diffusive normal metals

We consider spin and charge flow in normal metals. We employ the Keldysh formalism to find transport equations in the presence of spin-orbit interaction, interaction with magnetic impurities, and non-magnetic impurity scattering. Using the quasiclassical approximation, we derive diffusion equations which include contributions from skew scattering, side-jump scattering and the anomalous spin-orbit induced velocity. We compute the magnitude of various spin Hall effects in experimental relevant geometries and discuss when the different scattering mechanisms are important.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure

Spatial separation of large dynamical blue shift and harmonic generation

We study the temporal and spatial dynamics of the large amplitude and frequency modulation that can be induced in an intense, few cycle laser pulse as it propagates through a rapidly ionizing gas. Our calculations include both single atom and macroscopic interactions between the non-linear medium and the laser field. We analyze the harmonic generation by such pulses and show that it is spatially separated from the ionization dynamics which produce a large dynamical blue shift of the laser pulse. This means that small changes in the initial laser focusing conditions can lead to large differences in the laser frequency modulation, even though the generated harmonic spectrum remains essentially unchanged.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures. Under revisio

Spin Hall Effect of Excitons

Spin Hall effect for excitons in alkali halides and in Cu_2O is investigated theoretically. In both systems, the spin Hall effect results from the Berry curvature in k space, which becomes nonzero due to lifting of degeneracies of the exciton states by exchange coupling. The trajectory of the excitons can be directly seen as spatial dependence of the circularly polarized light emitted from the excitons. It enables us to observe the spin Hall effect directly in the real-space time.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figure

Dense blocks of energetic ions driven by multi-petawatt lasers

Laser-driven ion accelerators have the advantages of compact size, high density, and short bunch duration over conventional accelerators. Nevertheless, it is still challenging to simultaneously enhance the yield and quality of laser-driven ion beams for practical applications. Here we propose a scheme to address this challenge via the use of emerging multi-petawatt lasers and a density-modulated target. The density-modulated target permits its ions to be uniformly accelerated as a dense block by laser radiation pressure. In addition, the beam quality of the accelerated ions is remarkably improved by embedding the target in a thick enough substrate, which suppresses hot electron refluxing and thus alleviates plasma heating. Particle-in-cell simulations demonstrate that almost all ions in a solid-density plasma of a few microns can be uniformly accelerated to about 25% of the speed of light by a laser pulse at an intensity around 1022 W/cm2. The resulting dense block of energetic ions may drive fusion ignition and more generally create matter with unprecedented high energy density.Comment: 18 pages, 4 figure